Classes, Enums, Callable Classes, Metadata

Classes

Dart is an object-oriented language with classes and mixin-based inheritance. Every object is an instance of a class, and all classes descend from Object. Mixin-based inheritance means that although every class (except for Object) has exactly one superclass, a class body can be reused in multiple class hierarchies. Extension methods are a way to add functionality to a class without changing the class or creating a subclass.

Control flow statements, Assert, Exception

Control flow statements

You can control the flow of your Dart code using any of the following:

• if and else

• for loops

• while and do-while loops

• break and continue

• switch and case

• assert

You can also affect the control flow using try-catch and throw, as explained in Exceptions - https://dart.dev/guides/language/language-tour#exceptions.

Functions, Typedefs

Functions

Dart is a true object-oriented language, so even functions are objects and have a type, Function. This means that functions can be assigned to variables or passed as arguments to other functions. You can also call an instance of a Dart class as if it were a function. For details, see Callable classes.

Here’s an example of implementing a function:

Generics, Libraries and visibility

Generics

If you look at the API documentation for the basic array type, List, you’ll see that the type is actually List<E>. The <…> notation marks List as a generic (or parameterized) type—a type that has formal type parameters. By convention, most type variables have single-letter names, such as E, T, S, K, and V.

Variables, Built-in types, Comments

Variables

Here’s an example of creating a variable and initializing it:

mapstructure

mapstructure is a Go library for decoding generic map values to structures and vice versa, while providing helpful error handling.

This library is most useful when decoding values from some data stream (JSON, Gob, etc.) where you don’t quite know the structure of the underlying data until you read a part of it. You can therefore read a map[string]interface{} and use this library to decode it into the proper underlying native Go structure.

1. Hello World

The smallest React example looks like this:

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ReactDOM.render(
  <h1>Hello, world!</h1>,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

It displays a heading saying “Hello, world!” on the page.

Introducing JSX

Consider this variable declaration:

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const element = <h1>Hello, world!</h1>;

It is called JSX, and it is a syntax extension to JavaScript. We recommend using it with React to describe what the UI should look like. JSX may remind you of a template language, but it comes with the full power of JavaScript.

Rendering Elements

Elements are the smallest building blocks of React apps.

Components and Props

Components let you split the UI into independent, reusable pieces, and think about each piece in isolation. This page provides an introduction to the idea of components. You can find a detailed component API reference here - https://reactjs.org/docs/react-component.html.

Conceptually, components are like JavaScript functions. They accept arbitrary inputs (called “props”) and return React elements describing what should appear on the screen.

Function and Class Components

The simplest way to define a component is to write a JavaScript function:

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function Welcome(props) {
  return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;
}

This function is a valid React component because it accepts a single “props” (which stands for properties) object argument with data and returns a React element. We call such components “function components” because they are literally JavaScript functions.

You can also use an ES6 class - https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes to define a component:

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class Welcome extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;
  }
}

The above two components are equivalent from React’s point of view.

Rendering a Component

Previously, we only encountered React elements that represent DOM tags:

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const element = <div />;

However, elements can also represent user-defined components:

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const element = <Welcome name="Sara" />;

When React sees an element representing a user-defined component, it passes JSX attributes and children to this component as a single object. We call this object “props”.

For example, this code renders “Hello, Sara” on the page:

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function Welcome(props) {
  return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;
}

const element = <Welcome name="Sara" />;
ReactDOM.render(
  element,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

Try it on CodePen - https://reactjs.org/redirect-to-codepen/components-and-props/rendering-a-component

Let’s recap what happens in this example:

• We call ReactDOM.render() with the <Welcome name="Sara" /> element.

• React calls the Welcome component with {name: 'Sara'} as the props.

• Our Welcome component returns a <h1>Hello, Sara</h1> element as the result.

• React DOM efficiently updates the DOM to match <h1>Hello, Sara</h1>.

Note: Always start component names with a capital letter.

React treats components starting with lowercase letters as DOM tags. For example,

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function Welcome(props) {
  return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;
}

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Welcome name="Sara" />
      <Welcome name="Cahal" />
      <Welcome name="Edite" />
    </div>
  );
}

ReactDOM.render(
  <App />,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

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function Comment(props) {
  return (
    <div className="Comment">
      <div className="UserInfo">
        <img className="Avatar"
          src={props.author.avatarUrl}
          alt={props.author.name}
        />
        <div className="UserInfo-name">
          {props.author.name}
        </div>
      </div>
      <div className="Comment-text">
        {props.text}
      </div>
      <div className="Comment-date">
        {formatDate(props.date)}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

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function Avatar(props) {
  return (
    <img className="Avatar"
      src={props.user.avatarUrl}
      alt={props.user.name}
    />
  );
}

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function Comment(props) {
  return (
    <div className="Comment">
      <div className="UserInfo">
        <Avatar user={props.author} />
        <div className="UserInfo-name">
          {props.author.name}
        </div>
      </div>
      <div className="Comment-text">
        {props.text}
      </div>
      <div className="Comment-date">
        {formatDate(props.date)}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

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function UserInfo(props) {
  return (
    <div className="UserInfo">
      <Avatar user={props.user} />
      <div className="UserInfo-name">
        {props.user.name}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

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function Comment(props) {
  return (
    <div className="Comment">
      <UserInfo user={props.author} />
      <div className="Comment-text">
        {props.text}
      </div>
      <div className="Comment-date">
        {formatDate(props.date)}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

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function sum(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

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function withdraw(account, amount) {
  account.total -= amount;
}